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Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s

Principles and Practice of

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

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Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s

Principles and Practice of

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Eighth Edition Volume 1 JOHN E. BENNETT, MD, MACP Adjunct Professor of Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine Bethesda, Maryland

RAPHAEL DOLIN, MD

Maxwell Finland Professor of Medicine (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics) Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts

MARTIN J. BLASER, MD

Muriel G. and George W. Singer Professor of Translational Medicine Professor of Microbiology Director, Human Microbiome Program Departments of Medicine and Microbiology New York University School of Medicine Langone Medical Center New York, New York

1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899

MANDELL, DOUGLAS, AND BENNETT’S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, EIGHTH EDITION ISBN: 978-1-4557-4801-3 Copyright © 2015 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2005, 2000, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1979 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The chapters listed below are in the public domain: • Foodborne Disease by Rajal K. Mody and Patricia M. Griffin • The Immunology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection by Susan Moir, Mark Connors, and Anthony S. Fauci • Introduction to Herpesviridae by Jeffrey I. Cohen • Human Herpesvirus Types 6 and 7 (Exanthem Subitum) by Jeffrey I. Cohen • Herpes B Virus by Jeffrey I. Cohen • Yersinia Species (Including Plague) by Paul S. Mead • Trypanosoma Species (American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas’ Disease): Biology of Trypanosomes by Louis V. Kirchhoff • Agents of African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) by Louis V. Kirchhoff • Visceral Larva Migrans and Other Uncommon Helminth Infections by Theodore E. Nash • Infections Caused by Percutaneous Intravascular Devices by Susan E. Beekmann and David K. Henderson • Transfusion- and Transplantation-Transmitted Infections by Matthew J. Kuehnert and Sridhar V. Basavaraju • Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Health Care Settings by David K. Henderson All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases / [edited by] John E. Bennett, Raphael Dolin, Martin J. Blaser. – Eighth edition.    p. ; cm.   Principles and practice of infectious diseases   Includes bibliographical references and index.   ISBN 978-1-4557-4801-3 (2 v. set : hardcover : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-9996096686 (v. 1 : hardcover : alk. paper) – ISBN 9996096688 (v. 1 : hardcover : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-9996096747 (v. 2 : hardcover : alk. paper) – ISBN 9996096742 (v. 2 : hardcover : alk. paper)   I. Bennett, John E. (John Eugene), 1933- editor. II. Dolin, Raphael., editor. III. Blaser, Martin J., editor. IV. Title: Principles and practice of infectious diseases.   [DNLM: 1.  Communicable Diseases.  WC 100]   RC111   616.9–dc23 2014020246 Content Strategy Director: Mary Gatsch Content Development Manager: Taylor Ball Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian Senior Project Manager: Kristine Feeherty Design Direction: Steve Stave Chapter Opener Art: Andrew McAfee Main cover image: Scanning electron micrograph of Staphylococcus aureus bound to the surface of a human neutrophil. (Figure 8-5 from “Granulocytic Phagocytes,” by Frank R. DeLeo and William M. Nauseef.) Printed in Canada Last digit is the print number:  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1 

Contributors Kjersti Aagaard, MD, PhD

Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas The Human Microbiome of Local Body Sites and Their Unique Biology

Fredrick M. Abrahamian, DO

Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Director of Education, Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View–UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, California Bites

Ban Mishu Allos, MD

Michael H. Augenbraun, MD

Professor of Medicine, Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York Genital Skin and Mucous Membrane Lesions; Urethritis; Vulvovaginitis and Cervicitis

Francisco Averhoff, MD, MPH

Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Hepatitis A Virus

Dimitri T. Azar, MD, MBA

Associate Professor, Departments of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee

Dean and B.A. Field Chair of Ophthalmologic Research, Distinguished Professor of Ophthalmology, Pharmacology, and Bioengineering, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois

David R. Andes, MD

Larry M. Baddour, MD

Campylobacter jejuni and Related Species

Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Cephalosporins

Fred Y. Aoki, MD

Professor, Departments of Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Antiviral Drugs for Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Infections; Antivirals against Herpes Viruses

Michael A. Apicella, MD

Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa Neisseria meningitidis; Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea)

Kevin L. Ard, MD, MPH

Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Physician, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Pulmonary Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Cesar A. Arias, MD, MSc, PhD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; Director, Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia

Glycopeptides (Vancomycin and Teicoplanin), Streptogramins (Quinupristin-Dalfopristin), Lipopeptides (Daptomycin), and Lipoglycopeptides (Telavancin); Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus gallolyticus Group, and Leuconostoc Species

David M. Aronoff, MD

Director, Division of Infectious Diseases; Addison Scoville Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee

Microbial Conjunctivitis; Microbial Keratitis

Professor of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Consultant, Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota

Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis; Infections of Nonvalvular Cardiovascular Devices

Lindsey R. Baden, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Physician, Director of Clinical Research (Division of Infectious Diseases), Director of Transplant Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Director of Infectious Diseases, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Vaccines for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Carol J. Baker, MD

Professor of Pediatrics, Molecular Virology, and Microbiology, Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Section, Baylor College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus)

Ronald C. Ballard, MSB, PhD

Associate Director for Laboratory Science, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Klebsiella granulomatis (Donovanosis, Granuloma Inguinale)

Gerard R. Barber, RPh, MPH

Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Colorado Hospital, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, Colorado Unique Antibacterial Agents

Scott D. Barnes, MD

Chief, Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Clinic, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina Microbial Conjunctivitis; Microbial Keratitis

Metronidazole

v

vi

Contributors

Dan H. Barouch, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Staff Physician, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Associate Physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Vaccines for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection; Adenoviruses

Alan D. Barrett, PhD

Director, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Professor, Departments of Pathology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas

Flaviviruses (Dengue, Yellow Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest Disease, Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever, Zika)

Miriam Baron Barshak, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Physician, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Pancreatic Infection

Sridhar V. Basavaraju, MD

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Transfusion- and Transplantation-Transmitted Infections

Byron E. Batteiger, MD

Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana Chlamydia trachomatis (Trachoma, Genital Infections, Perinatal Infections, and Lymphogranuloma Venereum)

Stephen G. Baum, MD

Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York Mumps Virus

Arnold S. Bayer, MD

Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Associate Chief, Adult Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center; Senior Investigator, St. John’s Cardiovascular Research Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California Endocarditis and Intravascular Infections

J. David Beckham, MD

Assistant Professor, Departments of Medicine, Neurology, and Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Director, Infectious Disease Fellowship Training Program, Medical Director, Occupational Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado Encephalitis

Susan E. Beekmann, RN, MPH

University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa Infections Caused by Percutaneous Intravascular Devices

Beth P. Bell, MD, MPH

Director, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats; Hepatitis A Virus

John E. Bennett, MD, MACP

Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland Chronic Meningitis; Introduction to Mycoses

Dennis A. Bente, DVM, PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas

California Encephalitis, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, and Bunyavirus Hemorrhagic Fevers

Elie F. Berbari, MD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Osteomyelitis

Jonathan Berman, MD, PhD

Vice President, Clinical Affairs, Fast-Track Drugs and Biologics, North Potomac, Maryland Complementary Diseases

and

Alternative

Medicines

for

Infectious

Joseph S. Bertino, Jr., PharmD

Associate Professor of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Principal, Bertino Consulting, Schenectady, New York Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anti-infective Agents; Tables of Anti-infective Agent Pharmacology

Adarsh Bhimraj, MD

Head, Section of Neurologic Infectious Diseases, Associate Program Director, Internal Medicine Residency Program, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt and Drain Infections

Holly H. Birdsall, MD, PhD

Deputy Chief Research and Development Officer, Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC; Professor, Departments of Otolaryngology, Immunology, and Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Adaptive Immunity: Antibodies and Immunodeficiencies

Alan L. Bisno, MD

Professor Emeritus, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida Classification of Streptococci; Nonsuppurative Poststreptococcal Sequelae: Rheumatic Fever and Glomerulonephritis

Brian G. Blackburn, MD

Clinical Associate Profesor, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, California Free-Living Amebae

Lucas S. Blanton, MD

Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas Rickettsia rickettsii and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fevers); Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic or Louse-Borne Typhus); Rickettsia typhi (Murine Typhus)

vii

Martin J. Blaser, MD

Introduction to Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases; Campylobacter jejuni and Related Species; Helicobacter pylori and Other Gastric Helicobacter Species

Thomas P. Bleck, MD

Professor of Neurological Sciences, Neurosurgery, Medicine, and Anesthesiology, Rush Medical College; Associate Chief Medical Officer (Critical Care), Associate Vice President, Director, Laboratory of Electroencephalography and Evoked Potentials, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois Rabies (Rhabdoviruses); Tetanus (Clostridium tetani); Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)

Nicole M. A. Blijlevens, MD, PhD

Consultant and Lecturer, Department of Haematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: General Principles

David A. Bobak, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Associate Chair for Clinical Affairs, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; Director, Traveler’s Healthcare Center, Chair, Health System Medication Safety and Therapeutics Committee, Staff Physician, Transplant Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio Nausea, Vomiting, and Noninflammatory Diarrhea

William Bonnez, MD

Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York Papillomaviruses

John C. Boothroyd, MD

Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California Toxoplasma gondii

Kevin E. Brown, MD, MRCP

Consultant Medical Virologist, Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, Microbiology Services, London, United Kingdom Human Parvoviruses, Including Parvovirus B19V and Human Bocaparvoviruses

Patricia D. Brown, MD

Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Corporate Vice President of Quality and Patient Safety, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan Infections in Injection Drug Users

Barbara A. Brown-Elliott, MS, MT(ASCP)SM

Research Assistant Professor, Microbiology, Supervisor, Mycobacteria/ Nocardia Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas Infections Caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Other than Mycobacterium avium Complex

Roberta L. Bruhn, MS, PhD

Staff Scientist, Department of Epidemiology, Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)

Amy E. Bryant, PhD

Research Career Scientist, Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho Streptococcus pyogenes

Eileen M. Burd, PhD

Associate Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Director, Clinical Microbiology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia Other Gram-Negative and Gram-Variable Bacilli

Jane C. Burns, MD

Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California Kawasaki Disease

Larry M. Bush, MD

Assistant Commissioner for Counterterrorism Policy, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland

Affiliated Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, JFK Medical Center, Palm Beach County, Florida; Affiliated Professor of Medicine, Charles E. Schmidt School of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida

Patrick J. Bosque, MD

Stephen B. Calderwood, MD

Luciana L. Borio, MD

Bioterrorism: An Overview

Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine; Neurologist, Department of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado Prions and Prion Diseases of the Central Nervous System (Transmissible Neurodegenerative Diseases)

John Bower, MD

Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio Croup in Children (Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis); Bronchiolitis

Robert W. Bradsher, Jr., MD

Peritonitis and Intraperitoneal Abscesses

Morton N. Swartz, MD, Academy Professor of Medicine (Microbiology and Immunobiology), Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Syndromes of Enteric Infection

Luz Elena Cano, PhD

Head of Medical and Experimental Mycology Group, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas; Titular Professor, Microbiology School, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia Paracoccidioidomycosis

Ebert Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas

Charles C. J. Carpenter, MD

Itzhak Brook, MD

Mary T. Caserta, MD

Blastomycosis

Professor of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC Tetracyclines, Glycylcyclines, and Chloramphenicol

Professor of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Attending Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island Other Pathogenic Vibrios

Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York Pharyngitis; Acute Laryngitis

Contributors

Muriel G. and George W. Singer Professor of Translational Medicine, Professor of Microbiology, Director, Human Microbiome Program, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York, New York

viii

Elio Castagnola, MD Contributors

Infectious Diseases Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy

Prophylaxis and Empirical Therapy of Infection in Cancer Patients

Richard E. Chaisson, MD

Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology, and International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

General Clinical Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (Including Acute Retroviral Syndrome and Oral, Cutaneous, Renal, Ocular, Metabolic, and Cardiac Diseases)

Henry F. Chambers, MD

Professor of Medicine, Director, UCSF Infectious Diseases Fellowship Training Program, University of California San Francisco; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California Penicillins and β-Lactamase Inhibitors; Other β-Lactam Antibiotics

Stephen J. Chapman, DM

Consultant Physician and Senior Lecturer in Respiratory Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, United Kingdom Human Genetics and Infection

James D. Chappell, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee Biology of Viruses and Viral Diseases

Lea Ann Chen, MD

Instructor, Division of Gastroenterology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics

Sharon C-A. Chen, MBBS, PhD

Clinical Associate Professor, University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Senior Staff Specialist, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia Nocardia Species

Anthony W. Chow, MD

Professor Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia; Honorary Consultant, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vancouver Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Infections of the Oral Cavity, Neck, and Head

Rebecca A. Clark, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center; Lead Physician, HIV Outpatient Program, Interim LSU Public Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Women

Jeffrey I. Cohen, MD

Chief, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

Introduction to Herpesviridae; Human Herpesvirus Types 6 and 7 (Exanthem Subitum); Herpes B Virus

Myron S. Cohen, MD

Yergin-Bates Eminent Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, and Epidemiology, Director, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina The Acutely Ill Patient with Fever and Rash

Ronit Cohen-Poradosu, MD

Infectious Diseases Unit, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel Anaerobic Infections: General Concepts

Susan E. Cohn, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Women

Mark Connors, MD

Chief, HIV-Specific Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland The Immunology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Lawrence Corey, MD

Professor of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; President and Director, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Herpes Simplex Virus

Mackenzie L. Cottrell, PharmD, MS

Postdoctoral Fellow, Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Pharmacokinetics Agents

and

Pharmacodynamics

of

Anti-infective

Timothy L. Cover, MD

Professor of Medicine, Professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee Helicobacter pylori and Other Gastric Helicobacter Species

Heather L. Cox, PharmD

Assistant Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine; Clinical Coordinator, Infectious Diseases, Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia Linezolid and Other Oxazolidinones

William A. Craig, MD

Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Infectious Disease Section, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin Cephalosporins

Kent B. Crossley, MD, MHA

Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School; Chief of Staff, Minneapolis Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Minneapolis, Minnesota Infections in the Elderly

Clyde S. Crumpacker II, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

James W. Curran, MD, MPH

Dean and Professor of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University; Co-Director, Emory Center for AIDS Research, Atlanta, Georgia Epidemiology and Prevention of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

ix

Bart J. Currie, MBBS, DTM&H

Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei: Melioidosis and Glanders

Erika D’Agata, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Medicine, Brown University; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Other Pseudomonas Species

Adjunct Clinical Faculty, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Director, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Orthopoxviruses: Vaccinia (Smallpox Vaccine), Variola (Smallpox), Monkeypox, and Cowpox; Other Poxviruses That Infect Humans: Parapoxviruses (Including Orf Virus), Molluscum Contagiosum, and Yatapoxviruses

Rabih O. Darouiche, MD

VA Distinguished Service Professor, Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Infections in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury

Acting Chief, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s National Medical Center; Professor of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine; Principal Investigator, Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Children’s Research Institute, Washington, DC Orbiviruses;

Coltiviruses

and

George S. Deepe, Jr., MD

Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis)

Carlos del Rio, MD

Professor and Chair, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University; Co-Director, Emory Center for AIDS Research, Atlanta, Georgia Epidemiology and Prevention of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Andrew S. Delemos, MD

Transplant Hepatologist, Carolinas Healthcare System, Charlotte, North Carolina Viral Hepatitis

Frank R. DeLeo, PhD

Chief, Pathogen-Host Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Granulocytic Phagocytes

Associate Professor, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Attending Physician, American Family Children’s Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin Sinusitis

Complement and Deficiencies

Terence S. Dermody, MD

Dorothy Overall Wells Professor of Pediatrics, Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, Director, Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Director, Vanderbilt Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee Biology of Viruses and Viral Diseases

Principal Scientist, Leidos Biomedical Research—Frederick, National Cancer Institute—Frederick, Frederick, Maryland Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

James H. Diaz, MD, MPHTM, DrPH

Professor of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana Introduction to Ectoparasitic Diseases; Lice (Pediculosis); Scabies; Myiasis and Tungiasis; Mites, Including Chiggers; Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis

Carl W. Dieffenbach, PhD

Director, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Innate (General or Nonspecific) Host Defense Mechanisms

Roberta L. DeBiasi, MD

Gregory P. DeMuri, MD

Professor of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa

Robin Dewar, PhD

Inger K. Damon, MD, PhD

Orthoreoviruses and Seadornaviruses

Peter Densen, MD

Jules L. Dienstag, MD

Dean for Medical Education, Carl W. Walter Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Antiviral Drugs against Hepatitis Viruses; Viral Hepatitis

Yohei Doi, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Penicillins and β-Lactamase Inhibitors; Other β-Lactam Antibiotics

Raphael Dolin, MD

Maxwell Finland Professor of Medicine (Microbiology and Molecular Genetics), Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Antiviral Agents: General Principles; Miscellaneous Antiviral Agents (Interferons, Imiquimod, Pleconaril); Vaccines for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection; Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses: Nipah, Hendra, and Menangle; Noroviruses and Sapoviruses (Caliciviruses); Astroviruses and Picobirnaviruses

J. Peter Donnelly, PhD

Coordinator of Studies in Supportive Care, Department of Hae­ matology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: General Principles

Michael S. Donnenberg, MD

Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Enterobacteriaceae

Gerald R. Donowitz, MD

Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases/International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia Linezolid and Other Oxazolidinones; Acute Pneumonia

Contributors

Professor in Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Darwin Hospital; Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia

x

Contributors

Philip R. Dormitzer, MD, PhD

Head of U.S. Research, Global Head of Virology, Vice President, Novartis Vaccines, Cambridge, Massachusetts Rotaviruses

James M. Drake, MB BCh, MSc

Morven S. Edwards, MD

Professor of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Section, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus)

Professor of Surgery, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine; Neurosurgeon-in-Chief and Harold Hoffman Shopper’s Drug Mart Chair in Pediatric Neurosurgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

George M. Eliopoulos, MD

J. Stephen Dumler, MD

Richard T. Ellison III, MD

Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt and Drain Infections

Professor, Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

Rickettsia typhi (Murine Typhus); Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Human Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis), and Other Anaplasmataceae

J. Stephen Dummer, MD

Professor, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Chief, Transplant Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee Risk Factors and Approaches to Infections in Transplant Recipients

Herbert L. DuPont, MD

Professor and Director, Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health; Chief, Internal Medicine Service, Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center; Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Bacillary Dysentery: Shigella and Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli

David T. Durack, MB, DPhil

Consulting Professor of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina Prophylaxis of Infective Endocarditis

Marlene L. Durand, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital; Director, Infectious Disease Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts Introduction to Eye Infections; Endophthalmitis; Infectious Causes of Uveitis; Periocular Infections

Paul H. Edelstein, MD

Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Director of Clinical Microbiology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Legionnaires’ Disease and Pontiac Fever

Michael B. Edmond, MD, MPH, MPA

Richard P. Wenzel Professor of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Hospital Epidemiologist, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia Infection Prevention in the Health Care Setting

John E. Edwards, Jr., MD

Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harbor/UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California; Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California Candida Species

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Principles of Anti-infective Therapy

Professor, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Physiological Systems, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts Acute Pneumonia

Timothy P. Endy, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Division Chief of Infectious Diseases, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York Flaviviruses (Dengue, Yellow Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Kyasanur Forest Disease, Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever, Zika)

N. Cary Engleberg, MD

Professor, Departments of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Hakan Erdem, MD

Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey Brucellosis (Brucella Species)

Joel D. Ernst, MD

Professor, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York Mycobacterium leprae (Leprosy)

Peter B. Ernst, DVM, PhD

Professor of Pathology and Director, Comparative Pathology and Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California Mucosal Immunity

Rick M. Fairhurst, MD, PhD

Chief, Malaria Pathogenesis and Human Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland Malaria (Plasmodium Species)

Jessica K. Fairley, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, The Emory Clinic, Atlanta, Georgia Tapeworms (Cestodes)

Stanley Falkow, PhD

Robert W. and Vivian K. Cahill Professor, Emeritus, Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California A Molecular Perspective of Microbial Pathogenicity

Ann R. Falsey, MD

Professor of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York Human Metapneumovirus

xi

Anthony S. Fauci, MD

The Immunology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Thomas Fekete, MD

Professor of Medicine and Chief, Section of Infectious Diseases, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Bacillus Species and Related Genera Other Than Bacillus anthracis

Paul D. Fey, PhD

Professor, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococci

and

Other

Coagulase-Negative

Steven M. Fine, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Related Vesiculoviruses

Daniel W. Fitzgerald, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Anthony R. Flores, MD, MPH, PhD

Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Pharyngitis

Derek Forster, MD

Section on Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Infectious Arthritis of Native Joints

Vance G. Fowler, Jr., MD, MHS

Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina Endocarditis and Intravascular Infections

David O. Freedman, MD

Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, Gorgas Center for Geographic Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine; Director, University of Alabama at Birmingham Travelers Health Clinic, University of Alabama at Birmingham Health System, Birmingham, Alabama Protection of Travelers; Infections in Returning Travelers

Arthur M. Friedlander, MD

Adjunct Professor of Medicine, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Senior Scientist, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)

John N. Galgiani, MD

Professor of Internal Medicine, Director, Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona College of Medicine; Chief Medical Officer, Valley Fever Solutions, Tucson, Arizona Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species)

John I. Gallin, MD

Director, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Evaluation of the Patient with Suspected Immunodeficiency

Robert C. Gallo, MD

Director, Institute of Human Virology, Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

Tejal N. Gandhi, MD

Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Bartonella, Including Cat-Scratch Disease

Wendy S. Garrett, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor, Immunology & Infectious Diseases and Genetic & Complex Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harvard School of Public Health; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts

Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridium-Associated Diseases; Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium Species (and Other Medically Important Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli)

Charlotte A. Gaydos, DrPH, MPH, MS

Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Emergency Medicine Department and Epidemiology, Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Bloomberg Johns Hopkins School of Public Health; Director, International Sexually Transmitted Diseases Research Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland Chlamydia pneumoniae

Thomas W. Geisbert, PhD

Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas Marburg and Ebola Hemorrhagic Fevers (Filoviruses)

Jeffrey A. Gelfand, MD

Clinical Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Babesia Species

Steven P. Gelone, PharmD

Vice President of Clinical Development, ViroPharma, Inc., Exton, Pennsylvania Topical Antibacterials

Dale N. Gerding, MD

Professor of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois; Research Physician, Department of Medicine, Edward Hines, Jr., Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois Clostridium difficile Infection

Anne A. Gershon, MD

Professor of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York Rubella Virus (German Measles); Measles Virus (Rubeola)

Janet R. Gilsdorf, MD

Robert P. Kelch Research Professor of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School and C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan Infections in Asplenic Patients

Ellie J. C. Goldstein, MD

Clinical Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Director, R.M. Alden Research Laboratory, Santa Monica, California Bites

Contributors

Chief, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Chief, Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland

xii

Contributors

Fred M. Gordin, MD

Professor of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine; Chief, Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC Mycobacterium avium Complex

Paul S. Graman, MD

Professor of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Attending Physician and Clinical Director, Infectious Diseases Division, Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, New York Esophagitis

M. Lindsay Grayson, MD

Infectious Diseases Department, Austin Health, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Fusidic Acid

Caroline Breese Hall, MDâ€

Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Joelle Hallak, BS, MS

Research Assistant, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Microbial Keratitis

Scott A. Halperin, MD

Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, Director, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University; Head, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Bordetella pertussis

Margaret R. Hammerschlag, MD

Section Chief, Infectious Diseases, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York City, New York

Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine; Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York

Patricia M. Griffin, MD

Rashidul Haque, MD

Jeffrey Bruce Greene, MD

Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy

Chief, Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Foodborne Disease

David E. Griffith, MD

Professor of Medicine and William A. and Elizabeth B. Moncrief Distinguished Professor, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Scientist and Head of Parasitology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh Entamoeba Species, Including Amebic Colitis and Liver Abscess

Jason B. Harris, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Division of Infectious Diseases, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts Enteric Fever and Other Causes of Fever and Abdominal Symptoms

Antimycobacterial Agents

Richard L. Guerrant, MD

Professor of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia Nausea, Vomiting, and Noninflammatory Diarrhea; Bacterial Inflammatory Enteritides

H. Cem Gul, MD

Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey Brucellosis (Brucella Species)

David A. Haake, MD

Professor, Departments of Medicine, Urology, and Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Staff Physician, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis)

David W. Haas, MD

Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Charles Haines, MD, PhD

Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

Claudia Hawkins, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis Delta Virus

Roderick J. Hay, DM

Professor of Cutaneous Infection, Department of Dermatology (KCH Campus), Kings College London, London, United Kingdom Dermatophytosis (Ringworm) and Other Superficial Mycoses

Craig W. Hedberg, PhD

Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota Epidemiologic Principles

David K. Henderson, MD

Deputy Director for Clinical Care, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Infections Caused by Percutaneous Intravascular Devices; Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Health Care Settings; Nosocomial Herpesvirus Infections

Donald A. Henderson, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine and Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Distinguished Scholar, UPMC Center for Biosecurity, Baltimore, Maryland Bioterrorism: An Overview

Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary, and Pancreatic Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

â€

Deceased.

xiii

Kevin P. High, MD, MS

Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection

Adrian V. S. Hill, DPhil, DM

Professor of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Human Genetics and Infection

David R. Hill, MD, DTM&H

Professor, Department of Medical Sciences, Director, Global Public Health, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut Giardia lamblia

Alan R. Hinman, MD, MPH

Center for Vaccine Equity, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia Immunization

Martin S. Hirsch, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Professor of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Harvard School of Public Health; Senior Physician, Infectious Diseases Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Aimee Hodowanec, MD

Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois Tetanus (Clostridium tetani); Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)

Tobias M. Hohl, MD, PhD

Harold W. Horowitz, MD

Professor of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Chief of Service Infectious Diseases, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, New York Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

C. Robert Horsburgh, Jr., MD, MUS

Professor of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Medicine, Boston University Schools of Public Health and Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Mycobacterium avium Complex

James M. Horton, MD

Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina Urinary Tract Agents: Nitrofurantoin, Fosfomycin, and Methenamine; Relapsing Fever Caused by Borrelia Species

Duane R. Hospenthal, MD, PhD

Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas Agents of Chromoblastomycosis; Agents of Mycetoma; Uncommon Fungi and Related Species

Kevin Hsueh, MD

Infectious Diseases Fellow, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy

James M. Hughes, MD

Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Public Health (Global Health), School of Medicine and Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats

Assistant Member, Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Head, Laboratory of Antifungal Immunity, Assistant Member (Joint), Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute; Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York

Noreen A. Hynes, MD, MPH

Steven M. Holland, MD

Nicole M. Iovine, MD, PhD

Cell-Mediated Defense against Infection

Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Evaluation of the Patient with Suspected Immunodeficiency

Robert S. Holzman, MD

Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Atypical Pneumonia

Edward W. Hook III, MD

Professor and Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama Endemic Treponematoses

David C. Hooper, MD

Associate Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Chief, Infection Control Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Quinolones

Thomas M. Hooton, MD

Professor of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Clinical Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Chief of Medicine, Miami Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Miami, Florida Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections

Associate Professor, Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine and Public Health; Director, Geographic Medicine Center of the Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland Bioterrorism: An Overview

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Director, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida Campylobacter jejuni and Related Species

Jonathan R. Iredell, MBBS, PhD

Associate Professor, University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Director, Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia Nocardia Species

Michael G. Ison, MD, MS

Associate Professor, Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Parainfluenza Viruses

J. Michael Janda, PhD, D(ABMM)

Laboratory Director, Public Health Laboratory, Department of Public Health, County of Los Angeles, Downey, California Capnocytophaga

Contributors

Professor of Medicine and Chief, Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina

xiv

Contributors

Edward N. Janoff, MD

Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; Director, Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado Streptococcus pneumoniae

Eric C. Johannsen, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr Virus– Associated Malignant Diseases, and Other Diseases)

Angela D. M. Kashuba, PharmD

John A. and Deborah S. McNeill Jr. Distinguished Professor and Vice Chair for Research and Graduate Education, Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy; Director, UNC Center for AIDS Research Clinical Pharmacology and Analytical Chemistry Core; Adjunct Professor, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Pharmacokinetics Agents

and

Pharmacodynamics

of

Anti-infective

Dennis L. Kasper, MD

William Ellery Channing Professor of Medicine, Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Anaerobic Infections: General Concepts

Donald Kaye, MD

Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Polymyxins (Polymyxin B and Colistin); Urinary Tract Infections

Keith S. Kaye, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Wayne State University; Corporate Vice President, Quality and Patient Safety, Corporate Medical Director, Infection Prevention, Hospital Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Stewardship, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan Polymyxins (Polymyxin B and Colistin)

Kenneth M. Kaye, MD

Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr Virus– Associated Malignant Diseases, and Other Diseases); Kaposi’s Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8)

James W. Kazura, MD

Professor of International Health, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio

Tissue Nematodes (Trichinellosis, Dracunculiasis, Filariasis, Loiasis, and Onchocerciasis)

Jay S. Keystone, MD, MSc (CTM)

Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto; Senior Staff Physician, Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli, Sarcocystis Species, Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis Species

Rima Khabbaz, MD

Deputy Director for Infectious Diseases, Director, Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats

David A. Khan, MD

Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, Program Director, Allergy and Immunology Fellowship Program, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas Antibiotic Allergy

Yury Khudyakov, PhD

Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Hepatitis A Virus

Rose Kim, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey Other Coryneform Bacteria and Rhodococci

Charles H. King, MD

Professor of International Health, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio Tapeworms (Cestodes)

Louis V. Kirchhoff, MD, MPH

Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa; Staff Physician, Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa; Professor of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York

Drugs for Protozoal Infections Other Than Malaria; Trypanosoma Species (American Trypanosomiasis, Chagas’ Disease): Biology of Trypanosomes; Agents of African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)

Jerome O. Klein, MD

Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine; Former Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Otitis Externa, Otitis Media, and Mastoiditis

Michael Klompas, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute; Associate Hospital Epidemiologist, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Nosocomial Pneumonia

Bettina M. Knoll, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Physician, Miriam Hospital and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis

Kirk U. Knowlton, MD

Professor of Medicine, Chief of Cardiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California Myocarditis and Pericarditis

Jane E. Koehler, MA, MD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California Bartonella, Including Cat-Scratch Disease

Stephan A. Kohlhoff, MD

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine; Co-Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York Chlamydia pneumoniae

xv

Eija Kรถnรถnen, DDS, PhD

Professor, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis, MD

Frances King Black Endowed Professor, Department of Infectious Diseases, Deputy Head, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Agents of Mucormycosis and Entomophthoramycosis

Igor J. Koralnik, MD

Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Division of Neuro-Virology, Director, HIV/Neurology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts

Neurologic Diseases Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Opportunistic Infections; JC, BK, and Other Polyomaviruses: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Poonum S. Korpe, MD

Infectious Diseases Fellow, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia Introduction to Protozoal Diseases

Anita A. Koshy, MD

Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Syndromes of Enteric Infection

James E. Leggett, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University; Infectious Diseases Consultant, Medical Education, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon Aminoglycosides

Helena Legido-Quigley, MSc, PhD

Lecturer in Global Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Global Perspectives on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Paul N. Levett, PhD, DSc

Assistant Clinical Director, Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis)

Donald P. Levine, MD

Assistant Professor, Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

Professor of Medicine, Associate Vice Chair for Continuing Medical Education and Community Affairs, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Joseph A. Kovacs, MD

Matthew E. Levison, MD

Free-Living Amebae

Senior Investigator, Head, AIDS Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institute of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland Toxoplasma gondii

Phyllis Kozarsky, MD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine; Medical Director, TravelWell, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cystoisospora (Isospora) belli, Sarcocystis Species, Balantidium coli, and Blastocystis Species

John Krieger, MD

Professor, Department of Urology, University of Washington; Chief, Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington Prostatitis, Epididymitis, and Orchitis

Andrew T. Kroger, MD, MPH

Medical Officer, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Immunization

Matthew J. Kuehnert, MD

Director, Office of Blood, Organ, and Other Tissue Safety, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Transfusion- and Transplantation-Transmitted Infections

Nalin M. Kumar, DPhil

Professor, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Microbial Conjunctivitis

Merin Elizabeth Kuruvilla, MD

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas Antibiotic Allergy

Infections in Injection Drug Users

Professor of Public Health, Drexel University School of Public Health; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Peritonitis and Intraperitoneal Abscesses

Alexandra Levitt, PhD

Health Scientist, Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats

Russell E. Lewis, PharmD

Associate Professor, Department of Medical Sciences and Surgery, University of Bologna Infectious Diseases Unit, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy Agents of Mucormycosis and Entomophthoramycosis

W. Conrad Liles, MD, PhD

Associate Chair and Professor of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington Immunomodulators

Aldo A. M. Lima, MD, PhD

Professor, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Cearรก, Brazil Bacterial Inflammatory Enteritides

Ajit P. Limaye, MD

Professor, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington Infections in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients

W. Ian Lipkin, MD

Director, Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York Zoonoses

Contributors

Anaerobic Cocci and Anaerobic Gram-Positive Nonsporulating Bacilli

Regina C. LaRocque, MD

xvi

Contributors

Nathan Litman, MD

Professor of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Vice Chair, Clinical Affairs, Department of Pediatrics, Chief, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York Mumps Virus

Bennett Lorber, MD, DSc (Hon)

Thomas M. Durant Professor of Medicine, Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Bacterial Lung Abscess; Listeria monocytogenes

Ruth Ann Luna, PhD

Assistant Professor, Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine; Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas The Human Microbiome of Local Body Sites and Their Unique Biology

Conan MacDougall, PharmD, MAS

Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, California Antimicrobial Stewardship

Rob Roy MacGregor, MD

Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)

Philip A. Mackowiak, MD, MBA

Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine; Chief, Medical Care Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland Temperature Regulation and the Pathogenesis of Fever; Fever of Unknown Origin

Lawrence C. Madoff, MD

Professor of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Director, Division of Epidemiology and Immunization, Massachusetts Department of Public Health; Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts Infections of the Liver and Biliary System (Liver Abscess, Cholangitis, Cholecystitis); Splenic Abscess; Appendicitis; Diverticulitis and Typhlitis

Alan J. Magill, MD

Director, Malaria, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington

Leishmania Species: Visceral (Kala-Azar), Cutaneous, and Mucosal Leishmaniasis

James H. Maguire, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Senior Physician, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Introduction to Helminth Infections; Intestinal Nematodes (Roundworms); Trematodes (Schistosomes and Liver, Intestinal, and Lung Flukes)

Frank Maldarelli, MD, PhD

Head, Clinical Retrovirology Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute—Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Lewis Markoff, MD

Chief, Laboratory of Vector-Borne Virus Diseases, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland Alphaviruses

Jeanne M. Marrazzo, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea)

Thomas J. Marrie, MD

Dean, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)

Thomas Marth, MD

Professor of Internal Medicine, Chief, Division of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus Maria Hilf, Daun, Germany Whipple’s Disease

David H. Martin, MD

Harry E. Dascomb, M.D., Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Professor of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana Genital Mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma Species

Gregory J. Martin, MD

Chief, Infectious Diseases—Tropical Medicine, Office of Medical Services, U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC; Associate Professor of Medicine and Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)

Francisco M. Marty, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Cystic Fibrosis

Melanie Jane Maslow, MD

Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Chief, Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York Rifamycins

Henry Masur, MD

Chief, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

Management of Opportunistic Infections Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Alison Mawle, MD

Associate Director for Laboratory Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Immunization

Kenneth H. Mayer, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Professor, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health; Infectious Disease Attending and Director of HIV Prevention Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Medical Research Director, The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim

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John T. McBride, MD

Croup in Children (Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis); Bronchiolitis

John F. Modlin, MD

Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Senior Advising Dean, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Interim Director, Children’s Hospital at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire Introduction to the Human Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses; Poliovirus; Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses, and Numbered Enteroviruses; Human Parechoviruses

James S. McCarthy, MD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital; Professor of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Antimalarial Drugs; Drugs for Protozoal Infections Other Than Malaria; Drugs for Helminths

William M. McCormack, MD

Distinguished Teaching Professor of Medicine and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emeritus, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York Urethritis; Vulvovaginitis and Cervicitis

Catherine C. McGowan, MD

Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee Prostatitis, Epididymitis, and Orchitis

Kenneth McIntosh, MD

Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Senior Physician, Department of Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Coronaviruses, Including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

Paul S. Mead, MD, MPH

Chief, Epidemiology and Surveillance Activity, Bacterial Disease Branch, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado Yersinia Species (Including Plague)

Malgorzata Mikulska, MD

Division of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST; Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy Prophylaxis and Empirical Therapy of Infection in Cancer Patients

Robert F. Miller, MBBS

Reader in Clinical Infection, Honorary Professor, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; Honorary Consultant Physician, Camden Provider Services, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, and at University College London Hospitals, University College London, London, United Kingdom Pneumocystis Species

Samuel I. Miller, MD

Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, Genome Sciences, and Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington Salmonella Species

David H. Mitchell, MBBS

Clinical Senior Lecturer, University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Senior Staff Specialist, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia Nocardia Species

Rajal K. Mody, MD, MPH

Lead, National Surveillance Team, Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Foodborne Disease

Robert C. Moellering, Jr., MD†

Shields Warren-Mallinckrodt Professor of Medical Research, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Principles of Anti-infective Therapy

Matthew Moffa, DO

Physician, Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC Tetracyclines, Glycylcyclines, and Chloramphenicol

Susan Moir, PhD

Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland The Immunology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

José G. Montoya, MD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California Toxoplasma gondii

Thomas A. Moore, MD

Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine at Wichita, Wichita, Kansas Drugs for Helminths

Philippe Moreillon, MD, PhD

Professor and Vice Rector for Research, Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome)

J. Glenn Morris, Jr., MD, MPH&TM

Director, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida; Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases. University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida Human Illness Associated with Harmful Algal Blooms

Caryn Gee Morse, MD, MPH

Assistant Clinical Investigator, Critical Care Medicine Department, HIV/AIDS Section, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection

Robin Moseley, MAT

Public Health Advisor, Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats

†

Deceased.

Contributors

Professor of Pediatrics, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Roots­ town, Ohio; Vice Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, Ohio

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Contributors

Robert S. Munford, MD

Senior Clinician, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Sepsis, Severe Sepsis, and Septic Shock

Edward L. Murphy, MD, MPH

Professor, Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Epidemiology/ Biostatistics, University of California School of Medicine; Senior Investigator, Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)

Timothy F. Murphy, MD

SUNY Distinguished Professor, Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York

Moraxella catarrhalis, Kingella, and Other Gram-Negative Cocci; Haemophilus Species, including H. influenzae and H. ducreyi (Chancroid)

Barbara E. Murray, MD

J. Ralph Meadows Professor and Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas

Glycopeptides (Vancomycin and Teicoplanin), Streptogramins (Quinupristin-Dalfopristin), Lipopeptides (Daptomycin), and Lipoglycopeptides (Telavancin); Enterococcus Species, Streptococcus gallolyticus Group, and Leuconostoc Species

Clinton K. Murray, MD

Chief, Infectious Disease, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Houston, Texas; Professor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Clinical Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas Burns

Patrick R. Murray, PhD

Worldwide Director, Scientific Affairs, Becton Dickinson, Sparks, Maryland The Clinician and the Microbiology Laboratory

Daniel M. Musher, MD

Professor of Medicine and of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Distinguished Service Professor, Baylor College of Medicine; Infectious Disease Section, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas Streptococcus pneumoniae

Jerod L. Nagel, PharmD

Adjunct Clinical Instructor, University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy; Clinical Pharmacist, Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Hospitals and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan Metronidazole

Esteban C. Nannini, MD

Assistant Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Director, Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research Unit, Sanatorio Británico, Rosario, Argentina Glycopeptides (Vancomycin and Teicoplanin), Streptogramins (Quinupristin-Dalfopristin), Lipopeptides (Daptomycin), and Lipoglycopeptides (Telavancin)

Anna Narezkina, MD

Fellow, Division of Cardiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California Myocarditis and Pericarditis

Theodore E. Nash, MD

Head, Gastrointestinal Parasites Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

Giardia lamblia; Visceral Larva Migrans and Other Uncommon Helminth Infections

William M. Nauseef, MD

Professor of Medicine and Microbiology, Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa Granulocytic Phagocytes

Jennifer L. Nayak, MD

Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York Epiglottitis

Marguerite A. Neill, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Attending Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island Other Pathogenic Vibrios

Judith A. O’Donnell, MD

Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Epidemiologist and Director, Department of Infection Prevention & Control and Healthcare Epidemiology, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Topical Antibacterials

Christopher A. Ohl, MD

Professor of Medicine, Section on Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Medical Director, Center for Antimicrobial Utilization, Stewardship, and Epidemiology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Infectious Arthritis of Native Joints

Pablo C. Okhuysen, MD

Professor, Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Sporothrix schenckii

Andrew B. Onderdonk, PhD

Professor of Pathology, Harvard Medical School; Microbiology Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridium-Associated Diseases; Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium Species (and Other Medically Important Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli)

Steven M. Opal, MD

Professor of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Chief, Infectious Disease Division, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

Walter A. Orenstein, MD

Professor of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Director, Strategic Planning, The Hope Clinic; Director, Emory Program for Vaccine Policy and Development, Atlanta, Georgia Immunization

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Douglas R. Osmon, MD Osteomyelitis

Michael T. Osterholm, PhD, MPH

Professor, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health; Adjunct Professor, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota Epidemiologic Principles

Stephen M. Ostroff, MD

Chief Science Officer (Acting), Office of the Chief Scientist, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats

Michael N. Oxman, MD

Professor of Medicine and Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Staff Physician, Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California Myocarditis and Pericarditis

Slobodan Paessler, DVM, PhD